Artiquity

The connections web

Every documented tie between the hands in the archive — teachers, rivals, borrowed motifs — drawn as one web you can walk from Giotto to Kandinsky.

The hands in the web

Ancient Egypt 3100 BCE–30 BCE

Three millennia of remarkably continuous artistic convention in the Nile valley: art served the afterlife, the gods, and the divine kingship. Figures follow strict canonical proportion; permanence mattered more than individuality — with…

• The Memphite Old Kingdom Sculptors 2600 BCE–2500 BCE
• The Painter of Nebamun 1390 BCE–1350 BCE
• Thutmose 1380 BCE–1330 BCE

Classical Antiquity 800 BCE–476

Greek and Roman civilization set the terms Western art would argue with for two thousand years: the idealized human body, narrative composition, naturalism, and the artist as a named, celebrated maker.

• The Sumerian Temple Sculptors 2600 BCE–2100 BCE
• The Olmec Sculptors 1200 BCE–400 BCE
• The Assyrian Palace Sculptors 700 BCE–630 BCE
• Exekias 570 BCE–525 BCE
• The Andokides Painter 540 BCE–510 BCE
• Euphronios 535 BCE–470 BCE
• The Berlin Painter 500 BCE–460 BCE
• The Nok Sculptors 500 BCE–200
• Phidias 490 BCE–430 BCE
• Praxiteles 400 BCE–330 BCE
• The Villa of the Mysteries Master 90 BCE–40 BCE
• The Fayum Portraitists 50–250
• The Teotihuacan Workshops 150–550
• The Moche Potters 200–700

Medieval World 476–1400

After Rome, art in Europe turned from the body to the soul: icons, mosaics, illuminated manuscripts, and cathedral programs taught the faith to the unlettered. Meanwhile Song China reached a peak of landscape painting Europe would not…

• The Maya Court Sculptors 600–800
• The Maya Vase Painters 650–800
• The Painters of the Book of Kells 750–820
• The Hagia Sophia Mosaicists 850–1350
• Fan Kuan 960–1030
• Guo Xi 1020–1090
• The Goryeo Celadon Potters 1100–1250
• The Ife Court Sculptors 1100–1400
• The Chartres Portal Sculptors 1145–1170
• Ma Yuan 1160–1225
• The Mixtec Manuscript Painters 1200–1520
• Cimabue 1240–1302
• Zhao Mengfu 1254–1322
• Duccio di Buoninsegna 1255–1319
• Giotto di Bondone 1267–1337
• Ni Zan 1301–1374
• Jacopo di Paolo 1345–1430
• Lorenzo di Bicci 1350–1427
• Andrei Rublev 1360–1430
• Andrea di Bartolo 1360–1428
• The Limbourg Brothers 1385–1416

Renaissance 1400–1600

The rebirth of classical learning met new tools — oil paint, linear perspective, the printing press — and a new idea: the artist as intellect, not artisan. From Florence, Bruges, and Nuremberg, the visible world was measured, mastered, and…

• Donatello 1386–1466
• Jan van Eyck 1390–1441
• Fra Angelico 1395–1455
• The Mexica (Aztec) Court Sculptors 1400–1521
• Masaccio 1401–1428
• Piero della Francesca 1415–1492
• Sesshū Tōyō 1420–1506
• Shen Zhou 1427–1509
• Giovanni Bellini 1430–1516
• Vittore Crivelli 1440–1501
• Liberale da Verona 1441–1529
• Sandro Botticelli 1445–1510
• Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād 1450–1535
• Hieronymus Bosch 1450–1516
• Leonardo da Vinci 1452–1519
• Goswijn van der Weyden 1455–1543
• Pietro di Francesco degli Orioli 1458–1496
• Giovanni Agostino da Lodi 1470–1519
• Albrecht Dürer 1471–1528
• Lucas Cranach the Elder 1472–1553
• Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475–1564
• Giorgione 1477–1510
• Raphael 1483–1520
• Bonifazio Veronese 1487–1553
• Titian 1488–1576
• Gerolamo Giovenone 1490–1555
• Pseudo-Granacci 1490–1525
• Francesco Ubertini, called Bacchiacca 1494–1557
• Jacopo da Pontormo 1494–1557
• Hans Holbein the Younger 1497–1543
• The Benin Bronze Casters (Igun Eronmwon Guild) 1500–1700
• Pieter Bruegel the Elder 1525–1569
• Paolo Veronese 1528–1588
• Sofonisba Anguissola 1532–1625
• El Greco 1541–1614
• Kanō Eitoku 1543–1590
• Lavinia Fontana 1552–1614

Baroque Age 1600–1750

Art as persuasion and drama: the Counter-Reformation church wanted images that seized the heart, while the new Dutch Republic built the first modern art market — pictures of ordinary life sold to ordinary citizens.

• Pieter Brueghel the Younger 1564–1638
• Reza Abbasi 1565–1635
• Tawaraya Sōtatsu 1570–1643
• Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio 1571–1610
• Peter Paul Rubens 1577–1640
• Frans Hals 1582–1666
• Artemisia Gentileschi 1593–1656
• Nicolas Poussin 1594–1665
• Francisco de Zurbarán 1598–1664
• Diego Velázquez 1599–1660
• Claude Lorrain 1600–1682
• Rembrandt van Rijn 1606–1669
• Judith Leyster 1609–1660
• Salomon Koninck 1609–1656
• Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 1626–1705
• Johannes Vermeer 1632–1675
• Ogata Kōrin 1658–1716
• Rachel Ruysch 1664–1750
• William Hogarth 1697–1764
• Jean-Siméon Chardin 1699–1779

Age of Revolution 1750–1850

Political and industrial revolution shattered old certainties, and art followed: Goya recorded war without heroism, Turner dissolved form into light and steam, and in closed Edo Japan the ukiyo-e print reached a perfection that would soon…

• Itō Jakuchū 1716–1800
• Francisco Goya 1746–1828
• Jacques-Louis David 1748–1825
• Kitagawa Utamaro 1753–1806
• Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun 1755–1842
• Katsushika Hokusai 1760–1849
• Caspar David Friedrich 1774–1840
• J.M.W. Turner 1775–1851
• John Constable 1776–1837
• Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 1780–1867
• Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl 1788–1838
• Théodore Géricault 1791–1824
• George Catlin 1796–1872
• Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 1796–1875
• Utagawa Hiroshige 1797–1858
• Eugène Delacroix 1798–1863
• Thomas Cole 1801–1848
• Alfred Jacob Miller 1810–1874

Modern Age 1850–1945

In under a century painting moved from Impressionist sensation to pure abstraction. Japan's opening flooded Europe with prints; the paint tube took artists outdoors; photography freed painting from description; and two world wars made the…

• George Peter Alexander Healy 1813–1894
• Jean-François Millet 1814–1875
• Gustave Courbet 1819–1877
• Worthington Whittredge 1820–1910
• Rosa Bonheur 1822–1899
• Frederic Edwin Church 1826–1900
• Gustave Moreau 1826–1898
• Thomas Hill 1829–1908
• Albert Bierstadt 1830–1902
• Édouard Manet 1832–1883
• Edgar Degas 1834–1917
• James McNeill Whistler 1834–1903
• Winslow Homer 1836–1910
• Thomas Moran 1837–1926
• Paul Cézanne 1839–1906
• Claude Monet 1840–1926
• Odilon Redon 1840–1916
• Berthe Morisot 1841–1895
• Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1841–1919
• Giovanni Boldini 1842–1931
• Mary Cassatt 1844–1926
• Thomas Eakins 1844–1916
• Henri Rousseau 1844–1910
• Paul Gauguin 1848–1903
• Vincent van Gogh 1853–1890
• Carl Larsson 1853–1919
• John Singer Sargent 1856–1925
• Mikhail Vrubel 1856–1910
• Maurice Prendergast 1858–1924
• Lovis Corinth 1858–1925
• Georges Seurat 1859–1891
• The Southern Cheyenne Ledger Artists (Maffet Ledger) 1860–1885
• Anders Zorn 1860–1920
• Marianne von Werefkin 1860–1938
• Frederic Remington 1861–1909
• Charles Schreyvogel 1861–1912
• Hilma af Klint 1862–1944
• Gustav Klimt 1862–1918
• Edvard Munch 1863–1944
• Charles M. Russell 1864–1926
• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1864–1901
• Alexej von Jawlensky 1864–1941
• Robert Henri 1865–1929
• Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1865–1931
• Félix Vallotton 1865–1925
• Valentin Serov 1865–1911
• Wassily Kandinsky 1866–1944
• Pierre Bonnard 1867–1947
• Käthe Kollwitz 1867–1945
• Édouard Vuillard 1868–1940
• Henri Matisse 1869–1954
• Ernst Barlach 1870–1938
• William Glackens 1870–1938
• John Marin 1870–1953
• John Sloan 1871–1951
• Florine Stettheimer 1871–1944
• Emily Carr 1871–1945
• Piet Mondrian 1872–1944
• Joaquín Torres-García 1874–1949
• Nicholas Roerich 1874–1947
• Paula Modersohn-Becker 1876–1907
• Ivan Bilibin 1876–1942
• Marsden Hartley 1877–1943
• Raoul Dufy 1877–1953
• Paul Klee 1879–1940
• Kazimir Malevich 1879–1935
• Francis Picabia 1879–1953
• Franz Marc 1880–1916
• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 1880–1938
• Arthur Dove 1880–1946
• Fernand Léger 1881–1955
• George Bellows 1882–1925
• Umberto Boccioni 1882–1916
• Theo van Doesburg 1883–1931
• Charles Demuth 1883–1935
• Maurice Utrillo 1883–1955
• Amedeo Modigliani 1884–1920
• Max Beckmann 1884–1950
• Robert Delaunay 1885–1941
• Jules Pascin 1885–1930
• Juan Gris 1887–1927
• August Macke 1887–1914
• Kurt Schwitters 1887–1948
• Paul Nash 1889–1946
• Egon Schiele 1890–1918
• Grant Wood 1891–1942
• Chaïm Soutine 1893–1943
• Reginald Marsh 1898–1954
• Oliver Luckett b. 1903
• Amrita Sher-Gil 1913–1941

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